555 Timer Astable mode, Lt spice simulation, and real-time testing We know 555 timer has three operating modes called Astable mode, Monostable mode, and Bistable mode. Astable Mode : In Astable mode, 555 IC will act as an oscillator that generates a square wave continuously . The frequency of the wave can be adjusted by changing the values of two resistors and a capacitor connected to the chip. LTspice circuit: Formulas: Calculations: Ton = 0.693(1k+100k)22uF =1.539ms Toff =0.693*100k*22uF =1.524ms T = Ton + Toff = 0.693(1K+2*100k)22ufF=3.064ms Frequency = 1/T = 1.44/(1k+2*100k)22uF = 1/3.06ms =0.3263Hz Duty = 50.2% Simulation Results: Click here to download the Astable mode LTspice circuit Testing:
I2C Communication: This post rewind the I2C Hardware overview, I2C Pullup resistor value calculation, and LT Spice simulation. Hardware Overview: The I2C bus is a very popular and simple bus used for communication between a master or multiple masters and single or multiple slave devices. This communication only uses two-wire SDA and SCL. Which is a serial data line and serial clock line. Both SCL and SDA lines are open-drain or open-collector configurations. This means it needs an external pullup resistor is completely taking control of generating the logic high signal. I2C uses an 8-bit data structure which is a common data format for most Microcontroller and Microprocessor In the 8 bit communication, 7 bits are address bits and the last bit represents the Read/Write operation (1=Read Write =0) I2C Protocol is address-based, meaning that all the slave IC must have a unique address, this address is configured through hardware pins to logic "1" or "0". Some slaves...
SMART WATCH TEARDOWN Smartwatches have become an important part of our daily lives. They help us track our fitness, receive notifications, and even make calls. But have you ever wondered what is inside a smartwatch? In this blog, we will take apart a smartwatch to see its internal components. We will explore the display, battery, sensors, processor, and other key parts. This teardown will help us understand how a smartwatch works and how all the small components fit together in a compact design. Let’s begin the teardown and discover the technology inside a smartwatch! Before Opening Here’s a breakdown of the components: Battery (LQ-S1) – This is a 3.7V, 380mAh rechargeable lithium battery. It powers the smartwatch and is designed for low-power operation. Main Circuit Board (PCB) – This green board contains the key electronic components. 1: VIBRATION MOTOR 2: SPEAKER 3: PCB ANTENNA 4: MINI USB CONNECTOR 5: BATTERY CONNECTOR 6: SIM SLOT 7: CAMERA 8: SD CARD SLOT 9: POWE...
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